Sushruta is credited as inventing the forehead flap rhinoplasty , the bases of which are still seen in modern plastic surgery. Sushara changed the lives of his patients, removing the stigma once attached to ostracized convicts, allowing them to re-enter society and function as normal, every-day citizens. Medical Compilations made great strides in the advancement of rhinoplasty techniques. It includes details on the prevention of post-op facial distortion via loose sutures, cleaning exposed bones, elimination of damaged tissue, and preventing infection.
Translations of these texts were integral for the practice of rhinoplasty in other parts of the world. Arab physician Ibn Abi Usaibia deciphered many of the Indian medical texts, including then-plastic surgery bible, Sushruta samhita. After translating it from Sanskrit to Arabic, the text made its way to different corners of the world, arriving in the western world in the 15 th century. The Italian surgeon, Dr. Gasparo Tagliacozzi is the first Western innovator of facial plastic surgery.
His text, The Surgery of Defects by Implantations , written in , described rhinoplasty procedures performed on soldiers who had suffered various battle wounds and deformities. This guide was the first of its kind. It included groundbreaking diagrams and illustrations of post-op patients.
According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Plastic surgery sells norms of youth and beauty by offering consumers opportunities to recreate their appearance. It promises to fix socially undesirable physical features or delay the point at which we begin to show aging, a process framed by youth-centered culture as a slide into decrepitude, cultural irrelevancy, and death.
But these procedures entail an internal tension: Their results exist to be viewed, yet they are also meant to remain invisible, undetectable. The plastic surgeon is a sculptor who can remake the body in a way that looks natural while not betraying the artifice of their work. Various efforts to fix undesirably shaped noses by way of plastic surgery have been employed over two millennia. Such a disfigurement carried the social stigma of disease and infection, even if the afflicted had lost their nose by another means.
Different methods were employed to recreate noses. Given its prominence on the face, even healthy noses can shame their bearers. This perpetration of this myth was not just pseudoscientific, but anti-Semitic as well. It was not until the late 19th century that plastic surgery began to gain popularity in North America.
The earliest recorded schnoz shaping happened in ancient India in the 6th century B. The ayurvedic physician Sushruta describes that procedure in his Sushruta samhita , now considered a foundational Sanskrit text on medicine.
Such a disfigurement carried the social stigma of disease and infection, even if the afflicted had lost their nose by another means. Different methods were employed to recreate noses. Some of that led people to try and make their features look less like that of a racial minority in America still a motivating factor today. But not all nose jobs were motivated by beauty standards. The physician then should place the skin on the nose and stitch the two parts swiftly, keeping the skin properly elevated by inserting two tubes of eranda the castor-oil plant in the position of the nostrils, so that the new nose gets proper shape.
The skin thus properly adjusted, it should then be sprinkled with a powder of liquorice, red sandal-wood and barberry plant. Finally, it should be covered with cotton, and clean sesame oil should be constantly applied. When the skin has united and granulated, if the nose is too short or too long, the middle of the flap should be divided and an endeavor made to enlarge or shorten it. As the historical pages started opening up, the knowledge of Rhinoplasty spread from India to Arabia and Persia and from there to Egypt.
However, it took centuries for the principles and the technique of Rhinoplasty to travel to Europe and other parts of the world. In the 15th century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi from Italy documented similar technique of nasal reconstruction. He successfully reconstructed the nose by using the skin of the upper arm. The principle of Italian procedure was precisely the same as of the pedicle flap which was described two millennia ahead by Sushruta.
The classical cheek flap Rhinoplasty of Sushruta was later modified by using a rotation flap from the adjacent forehead, The Traditional Indian Method of Rhinoplasty. This technique was kept a secret for centuries in India, and practiced by Marathas of Kumar near Poona, certain Nepali families and Kanghairas of Kangra Himachal Pradesh 4.
The resurgence of Indian method began in the s when British surgeons working for the East India Company saw the work done by Indian surgeons. Cowasjee, a cart-driver with the British and four other native sepoys were captured by the Sultan's soldiers. Their noses and a hand each were cut off by the Mysore army. After a year without a nose, he and four of his colleagues submitted themselves to treatment by a man who had a reputation for nose repairs.
They appear to have prepared a description of what they saw and diagrams of the procedure. The technique used for Rhinoplasty was a modification of the ancient Rhinoplasty described by Sushruta. Sushruta's version has the skin flap being taken from the cheek; Cowasjee's was taken from the forehead. A photo feature on the sensational surgery was published in the Madras Gazette.
Subsequently, the details and an engraving from the painting were reproduced in the October issue of the Gentleman's Magazine of London 6. Figure-2, 3.
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