Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This resource provides a list of key concepts, words, and phrases that multi-lingual writers may find useful if they are new to writing in the North American educational context. It covers concepts and and key words pertaining to the stages in the writing process, style, citation and reference, and other common expressions in academic writing. When your professors or instructors say you need to give reference to some work that you used in your paper, it means that you should indicate where you got the work or information from.
Your professors or instructors will want you to use one of these styles to write references at the end of your paper. When readers read your paper, they should be able to know where you the sources have come from. You will often hear that you need to cite your work from your professors and instructors. This means that you should indicate where the information that you're using came from. For example, when you want to use some words or phrases from some websites or books, you should let the readers know what kind of sources you used, who created the source, and when the source was created.
Basically, you are giving credit to the authors of the source that you used in your paper. Plagiarizing means that you have taken information, ideas, or phrasing from a source and then used them in your own text without mentioning anything about the author who originally created your sources.
In a way, you are stealing something from people without telling the people who had created the original source. For more information on plagiarism, click here. When you summarize, you find the main points of the original text and compose a shorter version of the original text. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase.
List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try to locate the original material and cite the original source. If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para. If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like webpages, people can use the "find" function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. The APA Publication Manual describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.
In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for ordinary computer software. You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.
In cases like this, it's a good idea to ask your instructor or supervisor whether using third-party citation guidelines might present problems. A bibliography is simply the compilation of the various sources that you have read and cited in your own manuscript, dissertation, book, etc. Thus, an extensive bibliography is naturally a hallmark of a widely read and well-informed scientist. I can remember at least one occasion when my peers offered more compliments on my bibliography than on the content of the paper though they liked that too.
The last thing you want is a reviewer that says that you do not know your field because you forgot to cite a critical and well-known piece of scientific literature! Careful citation practices will build your credibility as a scientist or scholar. This point is a simple corollary of the previous one. Indeed, showing off scholarship is simply the icing on the cake of what a well-cited article has to offer.
The better documented your research and arguments, the more credible you are to your scientific colleagues. Citation enables better verification of your work. Any piece of academic writing gets vetted several times over before it finally makes it into print or onto a website. Whether one is a peer reviewer, editor, or editorial assistant whose job is simply to track down sources in the bibliography and make sure that the citations are accurate, life is simply easier when there is less busy work.
So, your paper is much more likely to be passed through these multiple rounds of editing with minimal criticism and positive feedback if you have already taken the trouble to attribute your information correctly and cite all your sources. In a future article, we will discuss strategies for integrating good citation practices when writing and revising your articles.
Until then, incite yourself to cite when you write! The following is a list of suggested readings on the subject of citation. The citation style used in this bibliography is that adopted by the American Psychological Association APA , 6th edition, which I chose because it is one commonly used in many scientific journals. Bryson, D. Using research papers: citations, referencing and plagiarism. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine , 35 2 , 82—
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